The First Crusade began in 1096 following an appeal by Pope Urban II, who urged Western Christians to assist their counterparts in the East and reclaim Jerusalem. This call to arms mobilised a diverse force of knights, peasants and clergy, setting in motion a series of military campaigns that would fundamentally alter the geopolitical landscape of the region.

The campaign culminated in 1099 with the capture of Jerusalem. This victory led to the establishment of several Crusader states across the Levant, marking a significant shift in territorial control and religious influence. The events of these three years left a profound and deeply contested legacy that continues to resonate within Christian, Muslim and Jewish history.

Key aspects of the First Crusade include:

• The initial call to action issued by Pope Urban II in 1096.
• The military expedition across Europe and into the Near East.
• The successful siege and capture of Jerusalem in 1099.
• The subsequent formation of Crusader states in the region.
• The enduring and complex historical impact on multiple religious traditions.