1600
1650
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1750
1800
1850
1900
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2000
English Civil War Glorious Revolution War of the Spanish Succession Seven Years' War American Revolutionary War French Revolution Napoleonic Wars World War I Great Depression World War II Cold War European Union (Maastricht era onward)
Industrial Revolution Russian Revolution COVID-19 Pandemic
Louis XIII reign Louis XIV reign Louis XV reign Louis XVI reign Napoleon I reign Louis XVIII first restoration Napoleon I Hundred Days Louis XVIII second restoration Charles X reign Louis-Philippe I reign Napoleon III reign
Charles de Gaulle Alain Poher (acting) Georges Pompidou Alain Poher (acting) Valéry Giscard d’Estaing François Mitterrand Jacques Chirac Nicolas Sarkozy François Hollande Emmanuel Macron
Matthias reign Ferdinand II reign Ferdinand III reign Leopold I reign Joseph I reign Charles VI reign Charles VII reign Francis I reign Joseph II reign Leopold II reign Francis II reign Wilhelm I reign Frederick III reign Wilhelm II reign
Victor Emmanuel II reign Umberto I reign Victor Emmanuel III reign Umberto II reign
Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour Agostino Depretis Francesco Crispi Vittorio Emanuele Orlando Benito Mussolini Pietro Badoglio Alcide De Gasperi Aldo Moro Bettino Craxi Silvio Berlusconi Mario Monti Matteo Renzi Giuseppe Conte Mario Draghi Giorgia Meloni
Giovanni Giolitti Giulio Andreotti Romano Prodi
Clement VIII Leo XI Paul V Gregory XV Urban VIII Innocent X Alexander VII Clement IX Clement X Innocent XI Alexander VIII Innocent XII Clement XI Innocent XIII Benedict XIII Clement XII Benedict XIV Clement XIII Clement XIV Pius VI Pius VII Leo XII Pius VIII Gregory XVI Pius IX Leo XIII Pius X Benedict XV Pius XI Pius XII John XXIII Paul VI John Paul I John Paul II Benedict XVI Francis Leo XIV
Philip II (Philip I of Portugal) Philip III (Philip II of Portugal) Philip IV (Philip III of Portugal) John IV Afonso VI Peter II John V Joseph I Maria I John VI Pedro IV Maria II Pedro V Louis I Carlos I Manuel II
Manuel de Arriaga Óscar Carmona Craveiro Lopes Américo Tomás Ramalho Eanes Mário Soares Jorge Sampaio Aníbal Cavaco Silva Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
Marquês de Pombal Fontes Pereira de Melo António de Oliveira Salazar Marcelo Caetano Mário Soares Aníbal Cavaco Silva José Sócrates Pedro Passos Coelho António Costa
Philip III reign Philip IV reign Charles II reign Philip V first reign Louis I reign Philip V second reign Ferdinand VI reign Charles III reign Charles IV reign Ferdinand VII first reign Joseph Bonaparte reign Ferdinand VII second reign Isabella II reign Amadeo I reign Alfonso XII reign Alfonso XIII reign Juan Carlos I reign Felipe VI reign
James I Charles I Interregnum Charles II James II William III & Mary II William III Anne George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Charles III
Robert Walpole Spencer Compton Henry Pelham Duke of Newcastle Duke of Devonshire Duke of Newcastle Earl of Bute George Grenville Marquess of Rockingham William Pitt the Elder Duke of Grafton Lord North Marquess of Rockingham Earl of Shelburne Duke of Portland William Pitt the Younger Henry Addington William Pitt the Younger Lord Grenville Duke of Portland Spencer Perceval Earl of Liverpool George Canning Viscount Goderich Duke of Wellington Earl Grey Viscount Melbourne Robert Peel Viscount Melbourne Robert Peel Lord John Russell Earl of Derby Earl of Aberdeen Viscount Palmerston Earl of Derby Viscount Palmerston Earl Russell Earl of Derby Benjamin Disraeli William Gladstone Benjamin Disraeli William Gladstone Marquess of Salisbury William Gladstone Marquess of Salisbury William Gladstone Earl of Rosebery Marquess of Salisbury Arthur Balfour Henry Campbell-Bannerman H. H. Asquith David Lloyd George Bonar Law Stanley Baldwin Ramsay MacDonald Stanley Baldwin Ramsay MacDonald Stanley Baldwin Neville Chamberlain Winston Churchill Clement Attlee Winston Churchill Anthony Eden Harold Macmillan Alec Douglas-Home Harold Wilson Edward Heath Harold Wilson James Callaghan Margaret Thatcher John Major Tony Blair Gordon Brown David Cameron Theresa May Boris Johnson Liz Truss Rishi Sunak Keir Starmer
